美國(guo)VICKERS威格(ge)士柱(zhu)塞(sai)泵(beng)的使(shi)用是柱(zhu)塞(sai)泵(beng)的液(ye)壓(ya)系統一個重要裝(zhuang)置(zhi)。它(ta)依靠(kao)柱塞(sai)在缸體(ti)中往復運動，使密封工(gong)作容腔的容積發生變(bian)化(hua)來實(shi)現吸(xi)油、壓油。柱塞(sai)泵具有額定壓(ya)力(li)高、結構(gou)緊湊(cou)、效率高和流量調節方便等優(you)點。

直軸(zhou)斜(xie)盤式柱塞泵(beng)分為壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力供(gong)油(you)(you)型和自(zi)吸油(you)(you)型兩種。壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)力供(gong)油(you)(you)型液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)大都是采用有氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)的(de)(de)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)，靠氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)供(gong)油(you)(you)的(de)(de)液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)，在每次啟動(dong)機(ji)器之后(hou)，必(bi)須等液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)達(da)到(dao)使用氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)后(hou)，才(cai)能操作機(ji)械(xie)。如果液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)油(you)(you)箱(xiang)的(de)(de)氣(qi)(qi)壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)不(bu)足(zu)時就啟動(dong)機(ji)器，會(hui)對液壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)泵(beng)內的(de)(de)滑靴(xue)造成拉脫現象，會(hui)造成泵(beng)體內回程(cheng)板與壓(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)(ya)板的(de)(de)非正常磨損(sun)。

德國(guo)SICK西克傳感器的全新技(ji)術是(shi)以(yi)SICK傳感器(qi)光(guang)(guang)電(dian)器(qi)件作為轉換(huan)元件的傳感器(qi)。它可(ke)用(yong)(yong)于檢測直(zhi)接(jie)引起(qi)光(guang)(guang)量變化的非電(dian)量，如光(guang)(guang)強、光(guang)(guang)照度、輻射測溫、氣體成(cheng)(cheng)分分析(xi)等；也(ye)可(ke)用(yong)(yong)來檢測能轉換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)量變化的其他非電(dian)量，如零(ling)件直(zhi)徑、表面粗糙度、應(ying)變、位(wei)移、振動(dong)、速度、加速度，以及物(wu)體(ti)的(de)形狀、工作狀態的(de)識別等。光(guang)電式傳感器(qi)具有非接觸、響應(ying)快、性能可靠等特點(dian)，因此在(zai)工業自動化裝置(zhi)和(he)機器(qi)人中獲(huo)得廣泛(fan)應(ying)用.

德國SICK西克成立于1994年，為西克(SICK)在亞洲的重要分支機構之一。歷經多年的發展與積累，已成為當地*具影響力的智能傳感器解決方案供應商，產品廣泛應用于各行各業，包括包裝，食品飲料，機床，汽車，物流，交通，機場，鋼鐵，電子，紡織等行業。在廣州，上海，北京，青島，香港等地設有分支機構，并形成了輻射**各主要區域的機構體系和業務網絡

德國SICK西克傳(chuan)感器(qi)的(de)(de)全新技術是(shi)(shi)采用光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件作(zuo)為檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)元(yuan)(yuan)件的(de)(de)傳(chuan)感器(qi)。它(ta)(ta)*先把被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量的(de)(de)變(bian)化轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)的(de)(de)變(bian)化，然后(hou)(hou)(hou)借助光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件進一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)步將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)轉(zhuan)換(huan)成(cheng)(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)信(xin)號(hao)(hao)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般由(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)、光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學通(tong)(tong)路(lu)和(he)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件三(san)部(bu)(bu)分(fen)組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)。由(you)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)量對光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件的(de)(de)作(zuo)用原理(li)不同所(suo)(suo)制(zhi)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)控系統是(shi)(shi)多種多樣的(de)(de),按光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件(光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)學測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)控系統)輸出量性質可分(fen)二(er)類,即模擬(ni)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)和(he)脈(mo)沖(chong)(開關)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi).模擬(ni)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)是(shi)(shi)將被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量轉(zhuan)換(huan) 光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)成(cheng)(cheng)連續變(bian)化的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)流,它(ta)(ta)與被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量間呈單值關系.模擬(ni)式(shi)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)傳(chuan)感器(qi)按被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)量(檢測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)目標物(wu)(wu)體(ti))方法(fa)可分(fen)為透射(she)(吸收)式(shi),漫(man)反(fan)射(she)式(shi),遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)式(shi)(光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)束(shu)阻檔(dang))三(san)大類.所(suo)(suo)謂透射(she)式(shi)是(shi)(shi)指被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)放在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)中,恒光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)發出的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)能(neng)量穿過(guo)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu),部(bu)(bu)份被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)吸收后(hou)(hou)(hou),透射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)投(tou)(tou)射(she)到光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件上;所(suo)(suo)謂漫(man)反(fan)射(she)式(shi)是(shi)(shi)指恒光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)發出的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)投(tou)(tou)射(she)到被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu)上,再(zai)從(cong)被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)表面反(fan)射(she)后(hou)(hou)(hou)投(tou)(tou)射(she)到光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件上;所(suo)(suo)謂遮光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)式(shi)是(shi)(shi)指當光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)源(yuan)發出的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)量經被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)遮其(qi)中一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)部(bu)(bu)份,使投(tou)(tou)射(she)剄光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)元(yuan)(yuan)件上的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)通(tong)(tong)量改變(bian),改變(bian)的(de)(de)程(cheng)度與被(bei)(bei)(bei)(bei)測(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)(ce)物(wu)(wu)體(ti)在(zai)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)路(lu)位置(zhi)有關. 光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)二(er)*管(guan)是(shi)(shi)*常見(jian)的(de)(de)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)傳(chuan)感器(qi)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)二(er)*管(guan)的(de)(de)外型與一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)般二(er)*管(guan)一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)樣，只是(shi)(shi)它(ta)(ta)的(de)(de)管(guan)殼上開有一(yi)(yi)(yi)(yi)個(ge)嵌(qian)著玻璃的(de)(de)窗口，以(yi)便于(yu)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線射(she)入，為增加受光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)面積，PN結(jie)的(de)(de)面積做得較大，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏(min)二(er)*管(guan)工(gong)作(zuo)在(zai)反(fan)向偏置(zhi)的(de)(de)工(gong)作(zuo)狀(zhuang)態下，并與負載電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻相串聯，當無光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照時，它(ta)(ta)與普通(tong)(tong)二*管一(yi)樣，反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)很小(xiao)（<&amp;micro;A），稱為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏二*管(guan)(guan)的(de)暗(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)；當有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)，載(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)子被(bei)激發，產生電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子-空穴，稱為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian) 光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)傳感器載(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)子。在(zai)外(wai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)場的(de)作用下，光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)載(zai)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)子參于(yu)導電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，形(xing)成比(bi)暗(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)大(da)(da)得(de)多的(de)反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)，該反向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)稱為(wei)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)的(de)大(da)(da)小(xiao)與光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強度(du)成正比(bi)，于(yu)是(shi)在(zai)負載(zai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)阻(zu)上就能(neng)(neng)得(de)到隨光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)強度(du)變(bian)(bian)化(hua)而變(bian)(bian)化(hua)的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)。 光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三*管(guan)(guan)除了(le)具有光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏二*管(guan)(guan)能(neng)(neng)將光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)信號(hao)轉換成電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)外(wai)，還有對(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)信號(hao)放大(da)(da)的(de)功(gong)能(neng)(neng)。光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三級管(guan)(guan)的(de)外(wai)型與一(yi)般(ban)三*管(guan)(guan)相差不(bu)大(da)(da)，一(yi)般(ban)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)敏三*管(guan)(guan)只引(yin)出兩個*——發射(she)*和集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)*，基*不(bu)引(yin)出，管(guan)(guan)殼同樣開(kai)窗口，以(yi)便(bian)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)線射(she)入(ru)。為(wei)增(zeng)大(da)(da)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)，基區(qu)面積(ji)做(zuo)得(de)很大(da)(da)，發射(she)區(qu)較小(xiao)，入(ru)射(she)光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)主要被(bei)基區(qu)吸收(shou)。工作時(shi)(shi)集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)結反偏，發射(she)結正偏。在(zai)無光(guang)(guang)(guang)(guang)照(zhao)(zhao)時(shi)(shi)管(guan)(guan)子流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)過的(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)為(wei)暗(an)(an)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)(liu)(liu)(liu)Iceo=（1+β）Icbo（很小(xiao)），比(bi)一(yi)般(ban)三*管的(de)(de)穿透電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)還小；當(dang)有光照時，激(ji)發大量的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)子-空穴對，使(shi)得基*產生(sheng)的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ib增大，此刻流(liu)過管子的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)稱(cheng)為光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)，集電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)*電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)流(liu)Ic=（1+β）Ib，可見光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)三*管要比光電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)二*管具有更(geng)高(gao)的(de)(de)靈(ling)敏(min)度。