隨著電力(li)電子技術的(de)(de)(de)發(fa)展(zhan)，現在(zai)對(dui)于電壓(ya)、電源的(de)(de)(de)控制要(yao)(yao)(yao)求也越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)高(gao)，相配(pei)套的(de)(de)(de)高(gao)壓(ya)或者(zhe)低壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)結(jie)構越(yue)(yue)來越(yue)(yue)復(fu)雜，對(dui)于高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)而言，要(yao)(yao)(yao)保證(zheng)其正常(chang)穩定可靠運行，*須要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)實施日(ri)常(chang)維(wei)護(hu)，同時要(yao)(yao)(yao)對(dui)日(ri)常(chang)發(fa)生的(de)(de)(de)一些常(chang)見故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)進行簡單(dan)的(de)(de)(de)故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)診斷和故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)處理，只有這(zhe)樣，才能(neng)夠實現高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)服役壽命的(de)(de)(de)*大化。文(wen)章分(fen)析了(le)高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)常(chang)見故(gu)(gu)(gu)障(zhang)，并在(zai)此(ci)基礎(chu)上(shang)對(dui)高(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)日(ri)常(chang)維(wei)護(hu)以及停機期(qi)間的(de)(de)(de)維(wei)護(hu)工(gong)作進行了(le)總(zong)結(jie)。

　　1.高壓變頻器概述

　　1.1高壓變頻器結構

　　高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)是(shi)(shi)近(jin)幾年逐(zhu)漸發(fa)展起來的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)一種應用(yong)(yong)十分廣泛的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)，它和過(guo)去傳統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)采用(yong)(yong)液力(li)耦合(he)方式(shi)或(huo)者串級調(diao)速實現的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)速方式(shi)是(shi)(shi)一樣的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，只是(shi)(shi)采用(yong)(yong)改變(bian)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)運(yun)行電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源頻(pin)(pin)率實現對電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)機(ji)(ji)(ji)調(diao)速的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)目的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)。目前，高(gao)(gao)壓(ya)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)不管是(shi)(shi)通用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)還是(shi)(shi)專用(yong)(yong)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，其內部(bu)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)結構都是(shi)(shi)相通的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)，主(zhu)要包(bao)(bao)括三(san)(san)個部(bu)分：一是(shi)(shi)主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)接(jie)線端(duan)(duan)，包(bao)(bao)括接(jie)工頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)入端(duan)(duan)（R、S、T），接(jie)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)頻(pin)(pin)率、電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)壓(ya)連(lian)續(xu)可調(diao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸(shu)出(chu)端(duan)(duan)（U、V、W）;二(er)是(shi)(shi)控制端(duan)(duan)子，包(bao)(bao)括外部(bu)信(xin)號控制端(duan)(duan)子、變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)工作狀態指示端(duan)(duan)子、變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)與微機(ji)(ji)(ji)或(huo)其他變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)通信(xin)接(jie)口(kou);三(san)(san)是(shi)(shi)操作面板，包(bao)(bao)括液晶顯示屏和鍵(jian)盤。通用(yong)(yong)變(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)由主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)和控制電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)組(zu)成(cheng)，其中，給異步(bu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動機(ji)(ji)(ji)提供調(diao)壓(ya)調(diao)頻(pin)(pin)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)源的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)變(bian)換部(bu)分稱為主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)，主(zhu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)路(lu)包(bao)(bao)括整流器(qi)、中間直流環節(jie)（又稱平波回路(lu)）和逆(ni)變(bian)器(qi)等。

　　1.2高壓變頻器工作原理

　　高壓變頻(pin)器的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理可以(yi)按照其結構構成部(bu)件的(de)(de)工作(zuo)原(yuan)理來(lai)理解：

　　（1）整流(liu)(liu)器。電(dian)(dian)網(wang)側的(de)(de)變流(liu)(liu)器為(wei)整流(liu)(liu)器，它的(de)(de)作用是把工頻(pin)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)變換(huan)成(cheng)直流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)。三(san)相交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)源(yuan)一般(ban)需經過(guo)(guo)壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)阻網(wang)絡引入(ru)到整流(liu)(liu)橋的(de)(de)輸入(ru)端。壓(ya)敏電(dian)(dian)阻網(wang)絡的(de)(de)作用是吸收交流(liu)(liu)電(dian)(dian)網(wang)浪涌過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)，從而(er)避免浪涌侵入(ru)，導致過(guo)(guo)電(dian)(dian)壓(ya)而(er)損壞變頻(pin)器。

　　（2）逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)。逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)作(zuo)用與整流(liu)(liu)器(qi)(qi)相反，逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)主要作(zuo)用是為了將直流(liu)(liu)功(gong)率轉換(huan)為所需要的(de)(de)(de)交流(liu)(liu)功(gong)率，通暢(chang)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)安(an)置(zhi)在(zai)負(fu)載(zai)側;逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)器(qi)(qi)*常見的(de)(de)(de)形式就是采(cai)用6個半導(dao)體開關器(qi)(qi)件組建成(cheng)(cheng)三(san)相橋(qiao)式逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)電路，從而完成(cheng)(cheng)從直流(liu)(liu)到(dao)交流(liu)(liu)的(de)(de)(de)逆(ni)(ni)(ni)變(bian)(bian)過程[1]。

　　2.高壓變頻器的常見故障分析

　　2.1通電開機無響應

　　高(gao)壓變頻器內部有(you)大(da)量的(de)開關(guan)元(yuan)件和變頻線圈，結構(gou)非常(chang)復雜，變頻器通電(dian)后沒(mei)有(you)響應就是一種常(chang)見的(de)故障，導致(zhi)這(zhe)種故障的(de)主要原(yuan)因集中在(zai)插(cha)頭松(song)動(dong)和熔(rong)斷絲熔(rong)斷這(zhe)兩類故障上，當出現(xian)開機無(wu)響應狀況(kuang)時，應對變頻器電(dian)源模塊進(jin)(jin)行檢查，確定無(wu)斷路情(qing)況(kuang)的(de)發(fa)生，同時還要經常(chang)檢查線路板上的(de)積(ji)塵狀況(kuang)，及時對其進(jin)(jin)行清理。

　　2.2不能帶負載啟動

　　高壓變頻器(qi)帶負載啟動失敗(bai)時，應首先(xian)確定(ding)空(kong)載啟動是(shi)(shi)否正常(chang)(chang)，如果正常(chang)(chang)就(jiu)可以判斷造(zao)成這(zhe)種(zhong)故障的主要原因就(jiu)是(shi)(shi)變頻器(qi)采用的恒(heng)轉矩啟動方(fang)式，這(zhe)種(zhong)故障通常(chang)(chang)可以通過選擇(ze)合理的加(jia)減速時間來消*。

　　3.高壓變頻器日常維護

　　高壓變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器一般的(de)安(an)裝環(huan)(huan)境(jing)要求：*低環(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度-5℃，*高環(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度40℃。大量研究表明，高壓變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器的(de)故(gu)障率隨(sui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度升高而成(cheng)指(zhi)數的(de)上升，使用壽(shou)命隨(sui)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度升高而成(cheng)指(zhi)數的(de)下降，環(huan)(huan)境(jing)溫(wen)(wen)(wen)度升高10℃，高壓變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器使用壽(shou)命將減半。此外，高壓變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器運(yun)行(xing)情(qing)況是否(fou)良(liang)(liang)好.與環(huan)(huan)境(jing)清潔程度也有很大關系(xi)。夏季是高壓變頻(pin)(pin)(pin)(pin)器故(gu)障的(de)多發(fa)期，只有通過良(liang)(liang)好的(de)維(wei)護保養工作，才能夠減少設備故(gu)障的(de)產生，請用戶務必注(zhu)意。

　　在夏(xia)季高壓變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器維(wei)護時，應注意變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器安裝環(huan)境(jing)的溫度(du)，定期清(qing)掃變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器內(nei)部灰(hui)塵(chen)，確(que)保冷卻風路(lu)的通暢。加強巡檢，改(gai)*變(bian)(bian)頻(pin)器、電(dian)機及線路(lu)的周(zhou)邊環(huan)境(jing)。檢查是(shi)否緊固，保證各(ge)個電(dian)氣(qi)回路(lu)的正確(que)可靠連接，防止不必(bi)要的停機事故發生(sheng)。

　　4.高壓變頻器抗干擾的常用措施

　　干擾(rao)(rao)電(dian)(dian)(dian)路嚴重(zhong)影響高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)工作效率(lv)，高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)E端(duan)要(yao)與(yu)控制柜及電(dian)(dian)(dian)機的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)外(wai)殼相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)，要(yao)接(jie)(jie)保安(an)地(di)(di)，接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)電(dian)(dian)(dian)阻應小于100歐，可吸收突波(bo)(bo)干擾(rao)(rao)。高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)輸入或輸出端(duan)加(jia)裝(zhuang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感式(shi)磁環濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。平(ping)行(xing)(xing)并繞(rao)3～4圈，有(you)助于抑*高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)次諧波(bo)(bo)（此方(fang)(fang)法簡單易(yi)行(xing)(xing)，價*低廉）。上(shang)(shang)述磁環濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)還可根據現場情(qing)況加(jia)繞(rao)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)控制信(xin)(xin)號端(duan)或模(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)(xin)號給定端(duan)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)進(jin)線(xian)(xian)上(shang)(shang)。裝(zhuang)有(you)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控柜中(zhong)，動(dong)力線(xian)(xian)和信(xin)(xin)號線(xian)(xian)應分(fen)開穿管走線(xian)(xian)，金(jin)屬軟管應接(jie)(jie)地(di)(di)良好。模(mo)擬(ni)信(xin)(xin)號線(xian)(xian)要(yao)選用屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)線(xian)(xian)，單端(duan)在(zai)高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)處接(jie)(jie)仿真(zhen)地(di)(di)。還可通過調整高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)載頻(pin)(pin)來改*干擾(rao)(rao)。頻(pin)(pin)率(lv)越低，干擾(rao)(rao)越小，但電(dian)(dian)(dian)磁噪(zao)聲越大(da)。RS485通訊口與(yu)上(shang)(shang)位機相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)一定要(yao)采用光電(dian)(dian)(dian)隔離的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)傳輸方(fang)(fang)式(shi)，以(yi)提高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)通信(xin)(xin)系統的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)抗干擾(rao)(rao)性能(neng)。外(wai)配(pei)計算機或儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)要(yao)和高(gao)(gao)(gao)(gao)壓變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻(pin)(pin)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)動(dong)力裝(zhuang)置供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)分(fen)開，盡量避免共享一個內部變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。在(zai)受干擾(rao)(rao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)設備方(fang)(fang)面(mian)也要(yao)進(jin)行(xing)(xing)獨(du)立屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)，市場上(shang)(shang)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)溫控器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、PID調節器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)、PLC、傳感器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)或變(bian)(bian)(bian)送(song)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)等(deng)儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)，都要(yao)加(jia)裝(zhuang)金(jin)屬屏(ping)蔽(bi)(bi)外(wai)殼并與(yu)保安(an)地(di)(di)相(xiang)(xiang)連(lian)(lian)。必要(yao)時，可在(zai)此類儀(yi)表(biao)(biao)的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)源進(jin)線(xian)(xian)端(duan)加(jia)裝(zhuang)上(shang)(shang)述的(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)(dian)感式(shi)磁環濾波(bo)(bo)器(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)(qi)。

　　5.變頻器停機后的維護

　　當(dang)變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)停機(ji)后(hou)，我們同時需要(yao)注意對其維護，以確(que)保(bao)變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)得到好的(de)保(bao)護，防止(zhi)其受(shou)到損害(hai)，影響其使用(yong)壽命。用(yong)帶塑料(liao)吸(xi)嘴的(de)吸(xi)塵器(qi)(qi)徹*清潔變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)柜(ju)內(nei)外(wai)，保(bao)證(zheng)設備(bei)周圍無過量的(de)塵埃。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻室的(de)通風(feng)、照明設備(bei)，確(que)保(bao)通風(feng)設備(bei)能(neng)(neng)夠正常運轉。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)纜問的(de)連(lian)接(jie)應(ying)(ying)正確(que)、可(ke)靠(kao)。檢(jian)(jian)企變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)柜(ju)內(nei)所有(you)接(jie)地應(ying)(ying)可(ke)靠(kao)，接(jie)地點無生銹每隔(ge)半年(nian)（內(nei)）應(ying)(ying)再緊同一次(ci)變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)內(nei)部(bu)電(dian)(dian)纜的(de)各連(lian)接(jie)螺(luo)母(mu)。變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)長時間停機(ji)后(hou)恢復運行，應(ying)(ying)測量變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)（包括移相變(bian)(bian)(bian)壓器(qi)(qi)、旁通柜(ju)主回(hui)路(lu)）絕緣，應(ying)(ying)當(dang)使用(yong)2500V兆歐表。測試絕緣合格后(hou)，才能(neng)(neng)啟動變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)。檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)所有(you)電(dian)(dian)氣連(lian)接(jie)的(de)緊固性，查(cha)看各個同路(lu)是(shi)(shi)否有(you)異常的(de)放電(dian)(dian)痕跡，是(shi)(shi)否有(you)怪味(wei)、變(bian)(bian)(bian)色，裂紋、破損等現象。每次(ci)維護變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)后(hou)，要(yao)認真(zhen)檢(jian)(jian)查(cha)有(you)無遺漏(lou)的(de)螺(luo)絲及導線(xian)等，防止(zhi)小金屬物品(pin)造成變(bian)(bian)(bian)頻器(qi)(qi)短路(lu)事故。特別是(shi)(shi)對電(dian)(dian)氣回(hui)路(lu)進行較(jiao)大(da)改(gai)動后(hou)，確(que)保(bao)電(dian)(dian)氣連(lian)接(jie)線(xian)的(de)連(lian)接(jie)正確(que)、可(ke)靠(kao)，防止(zhi)反(fan)送(song)電(dian)(dian)事故的(de)發生。

　　高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻器已經越來越廣泛的(de)應用于工業生產(chan)的(de)各(ge)個方面，高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻器一旦發生故障，對于電力系統供(gong)應、工業生產(chan)等都會產(chan)生嚴(yan)重的(de)影響。因此，*須要加強對高壓(ya)變(bian)(bian)頻器的(de)日(ri)常維(wei)護(hu)。

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