控制器是指(zhi)(zhi)控(kong)制(zhi)各個部(bu)件運(yun)行的控(kong)制(zhi)部(bu)件。控(kong)制(zhi)器由程序(xu)計(ji)數器、指(zhi)(zhi)令寄存器、指(zhi)(zhi)令譯(yi)碼器、時序(xu)產生器和操作(zuo)控(kong)制(zhi)器組成，它是發布命令的“決策機構”，即完(wan)成協調和指(zhi)(zhi)揮(hui)整個計(ji)算機系統的操作(zuo)。

　　有兩種由于設計方法不同(tong)因而結構(gou)也不同(tong)的(de)控制器(qi)。微操(cao)(cao)作是(shi)指(zhi)不可再分(fen)解(jie)的(de)操(cao)(cao)作，進行微操(cao)(cao)作總是(shi)需要相(xiang)應的(de)控制信(xin)號（稱為微操(cao)(cao)作控制信(xin)號或微操(cao)(cao)作命令）。

　　一臺數字計算機基本上可以劃分為兩大部分---控制部件和執行部件。控制器就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)，而(er)運算(suan)器、存儲器、外圍設備(bei)相對控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)器來說就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)與執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)一種(zhong)聯(lian)系就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)通過(guo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)發出各種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)令，通常這種(zhong)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)命(ming)令叫(jiao)做微(wei)(wei)命(ming)令，而(er)執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)接受微(wei)(wei)命(ming)令后所執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)就(jiu)(jiu)叫(jiao)做微(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)。控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)與執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)之(zhi)間的(de)另一種(zhong)聯(lian)系就(jiu)(jiu)是(shi)(shi)反饋(kui)信息。執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)通過(guo)反饋(kui)線(xian)(xian)向(xiang)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)反映操(cao)作(zuo)情況，以便使得控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)根(gen)據執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)的(de)狀(zhuang)態來下達新的(de)微(wei)(wei)命(ming)令，這也叫(jiao)做“狀(zhuang)態測試(shi)”。微(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)在執(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)行部(bu)(bu)(bu)(bu)件(jian)(jian)中是(shi)(shi)組(zu)基本(ben)的(de)操(cao)作(zuo)。由于數(shu)據通路的(de)結構(gou)關系，微(wei)(wei)操(cao)作(zuo)可分(fen)為相容性(xing)和相斥性(xing)兩種(zhong)。

　　在機器的(de)一(yi)個CPU周(zhou)期(qi)中，一(yi)組(zu)實現一(yi)定操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)功能的(de)微(wei)(wei)命令的(de)組(zu)合，構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)一(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令。一(yi)般的(de)微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令格式(shi)由操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)和(he)順(shun)序(xu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)兩部(bu)分構(gou)成(cheng)(cheng)。操(cao)作(zuo)(zuo)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分用來發出管(guan)理和(he)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)揮全機工(gong)作(zuo)(zuo)的(de)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)信號。其順(shun)序(xu)控(kong)(kong)制(zhi)(zhi)部(bu)分用來決定產生下一(yi)個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令的(de)地(di)址。事實上一(yi)條機器指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令的(de)功能是由許多條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)序(xu)列(lie)來實現的(de)。這個微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令序(xu)列(lie)通常(chang)叫做微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)。既然(ran)微(wei)(wei)程序(xu)是有微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令組(zu)成(cheng)(cheng)的(de)，那么當執(zhi)行當前的(de)一(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令的(de)時(shi)候(hou)。*須指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)出后(hou)繼微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令的(de)地(di)址，以便(bian)當前一(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令執(zhi)行完畢以后(hou)，取下一(yi)條微(wei)(wei)指(zhi)(zhi)(zhi)令執(zhi)行。

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